Genetic algorithms are evolutionary techniques used for optimization purposes according to survival of the fittest idea. 0000003499 00000 n In the most famous variant of the problem a hypothetical salesman has to visit a number of cities, visiting each city only once, before ending the journey at the original starting city. Given a finite set of cities N and a distance matrix (cij) (i, j eN), determine min, E Ci(i), ieN 717 0000006582 00000 n A traveler needs to visit all the cities from a list, where distances between all the cities are known and each city should be visited just once. �_�q0���n��$mSZ�%#É=������-_{o�Nx���&եZ��^g�h�~վa-���b0��ɂ'OIt7�Oڟ՞�5yNV 4@��� ,����L�u�J��w�$d�� 5���z���2�dN���ͤ�Y ����6��8U��>WfU�]q�%㲃A�"�)Q޲A�����9S�e�{վ(J�Ӯ'�����{t5�s�y�����8���qF��NJcz�)FK\�u�����}~���uD$/3��j�+R:���w+Z�+ߣ���_[��A�5�1���G���\A:�7���Qr��G�\��Z`$�gi�r���G���0����g��PLF+|�GU� ��.�5��d��۞��-����"��ˬ�1����s����ڼ�� +>;�7ո����aV$�'A�45�8�N0��W��jB�cS���©1{#���sВ={P��H5�-��p�wl�jIA�#�h�P�A�5cE��BcqWS�7D���h/�8�)L� �vT���� %PDF-1.4 %���� By Yu-Hsin Liu. It is savage pleasure and we are born to it.” -- Thomas Harris “An algorithm must be seen to be believed.” -- Donald Knuth . 0000005210 00000 n �%�(�AS��tn����^*vQ����e���/�5�)z���FSh���,��C�y�&~J�����H��Y����k��I���Y�R~�P'��I�df� �'��E᱆6ȁ�{ `�� � 0000003126 00000 n Popular Travelling Salesman Problem Solutions. Unfortunately TSP is not so easy to formulate, and relatively hard to solve. Traveling Salesman Problem, Theory and Applications 4 constraints and if the number of trucks is fixed (saym). Note the difference between Hamiltonian Cycle and TSP. This problem considers a salesman who departs from his home, has to visit a number of cities within a pre-determined period of time, and then returns home. 0000015202 00000 n Nevertheless, one may appl y methods for the TSP to find good feasible solutions for this problem (see Lenstra & Rinnooy Kan, 1974). The former problem, say, Problem 1, is replaced by others, considering the trailer Mask plotting in PCB production Quotes of the day 2 “Problem solving is hunting. 1.1 Solving Traveling Salesman Problem With a non-complete Graph One of the NP-hard routing problems is the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). 50 31 In this article, we will discuss how to solve travelling salesman problem using branch and bound approach with example. I am working on publishing a paper on approximating solutions to the Vehicle Routing Problem using Wisdom of Artificial Crowds with Genetic Algorithms. Solving the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) The Travelling Salesman Problem is one of the best known NP-hard problems, which means that there is no exact algorithm to solve it in polynomial time. Introduction The classic Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) describes the situation where a salesperson wants to leave his/her home city, visit a number of other cities and then return home. travelling only one city, and one salesman needs to travel the left n+m−1 cities. The Time-Dependent Traveling Salesman Problem (TDTSP) is a generalization of the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) in which the cost of travel between two … Hence, the mTSP with ability constraint is more appropriate in the real world problems [40]. (g��6�� $���I�{�U?��t���0��џK_a��ْ�=��.F,�;�^��\��|W�%�~^���Pȩ��r�4'm���N�.2��,�Ι�8U_Qc���)�=��H�W��D�Ա�� #�VD���e1��,1��ϲ��\X����|�, ������,���6I5ty$ VV���і���3��$���~�4D���5��A唗�2�O���D'h���>�Mi���J�H�������GHjl�Maj\U�#afUE�h�"���t:IG ����D� ;&>>tm�PBb�����κN����y�oOtR{T�]to�Ѡ���Q�p��ٯ���"uZ���W�l>�b�γ����NAb�Z���n��ߖl���b�Da ڣ(B���̣Ї�J!ع� ��e�Բ'�R䒃�r ��i�k�V����c�z?��r�ԁΡg5;KZ�� ��*�^�;�,^Wo���g5�YAO���x_Q�P�}٫�K�:�j$�9��!���-YZ:�lV��Ay��V��+oe��[���~}�ɴ��$`셬���1�L[K����#MbQ�%b��3A���j��� `\��e��Ζ:����^#r�ga��}x޼ ��:�m�ϛ��^�g�X�D�O"�=�h�|���KC6�ι�sQ�� 4ΨnA�m�`:��w����-lc�HBec:�}73�]]��R��F��Ϋ Mask plotting in PCB production Die Aufgabe besteht darin, eine Reihenfolge für den Besuch mehrerer Orte so zu wählen, dass keine Station außer der ersten mehr als einmal besucht wird, die gesamte Reisestrecke des Handlungsreisenden möglichst kurz und die erste Station gleich de… The B&B technique will now be used, as follows. 3. There does not appear to be any authoritative documentation pointing out the creator of. Traveling Salesman Problem oder Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP)) ist ein kombinatorisches Optimierungsproblem des Operations Research und der theoretischen Informatik. It is particularly good at finding solutions to functions that use multiple, continuously variable, values. The origins of the traveling salesman problem are obscure; it is mentioned in an 1832 manual for traveling salesman, which included example tours of 45 German cities but gave no mathematical consideration.2 W. R. Hamilton and Thomas Kirkman devised mathematical formulations of the problem in the 1800s.2 It is believed that the general form was first studied by Karl Menger in Vienna and Harvard in the 1930s.2,3 Hassler W… 0000001406 00000 n ��P_t}�Wڡ��z���?��˹���q,����1k�~�����)a�D�m'��{�-��R Each city, which constitutes a node in The Particle Swarm Optimizer employs a form of artificial intelligence to solve problems. x��YKs�F��W�����D,�6�8VN։VR����S�ʯ���{@P�����*q���g����p��WI�a�ڤ�_$�j{�x�>X�h��U�E�zb��*)b?L��Z�]������|nVaJ;�hu��e������ݧr;\���NwM���{��_�ו�q�}�$lSMKwee�cY��k*sTbOv8\���k����/�Xnpc������&��z'�k"����Y ���[SV2��G���|U�Eex(~\� �Ϡ"����|�&ޯ_�bl%��d�9��ȉo�#…r�C��s�U�P���#���:ā�/%�$�Y�"���X����D�ߙv0�˨�.���`"�&^t��A�/�2�� �g�z��d�9b��y8���`���Y�QN��*�(���K�?Q��` b�6�LX�&9�R^��0�TeͲ��Le�3!�(�������λ�q(Н鷝W6��6���H;]�&ͣ���z��8]���N��;���7�H�K�m��ږxF�7�=�m �B��}��(��̡�~�+@�M@��M��hE��2ْ4G�-7$(��-��b��b��7��u��p�0gT�b�!i�\Vm��^r_�_IycO�˓n����2�.�j9�*̹O�#ֳ It is savage pleasure ... builds a solution from ... (1990) 271-281. The Traveling Salesman Problem with Pickup and De-livery (TSPPD) is a modi cation of the Traveling Sales-man Problem (TSP) that includes side constraints en-+0 +i +j-i-j-0 Fig. Travelling salesman problems (TSP) are easy to describe: a salesman needs to visit all his customers located in different cities in his region, and he would like to find the cheapest tour that will assure that all cities have been visited. 0000000016 00000 n So, for that reason, we usually use heuristics to help us to obtain a “good” %���� The traveling salesman problem (TSP) Example c( i, i+1) = 1, for i = 1, ..., n - 1 c( n, 1) = M (for some large number M) c(i,j ... An optimal solution to the problem contains optimal solutions to itsAn optimal solution to the problem contains optimal solutions to its subproblems. 0000008722 00000 n The travelling salesman problem was defined in the 1800s by the Irish mathematician . 0t�����/��(��I^���b�F\�Źl^Vy� �����s��~Ʊ��e��ۿLY=��s�U9���{~XSw����w��%A�+n�ě v� �w����CO3EQ�'�@��7���e׎��3�r�o �0��� u̩�W�����yw?p�8�z�},�4Y��m/`4� � l]6e}l��Fþ���9���� 8. The genetic algorithm depends on selection criteria, crossover, and mutation operators. Cost of the tour = 10 + 25 + 30 + 15 = 80 units . In this case we obtain an m-salesmen problem. problem of finding such an a priori tour, which is of minimum length in the expected value sense, is defined as a Probabilistic Traveling Salesman Problem (PTSP). ஬bO�x�/�TE̪V�s,;�� ��p��K�x�p,���C�jCB��Vn�t�R����l}p��x!*{��IG�&1��#�P�4A�3��7����ě��2����׫}���0^&aM>9���#��P($.B�z������%B��E�'"����x@�ܫ���B�B�q��jGb�O^���,>��X�t�"�{�c�(#�������%��RF=�E�F���$�WD���#��nj��^r��ΐ��������d���"�.h\&�)��6��a'{�$+���i1.��t&@@t5g���/k�RBX��ٻZ�"�N�%�8D�3�:�A�:��Ums�0����X���rUlչH�$$�����T1J�'�T#��B�I4N��:Z!�h4�z�q�+%���bT�X����l�〠�S����y��h�! These methods do not ensure optimal solutions; however, they give good approximation usually in time. ... cost of a solution). �qLTˑ�q�!D%xnP�� PG3h���G��. The travelling salesman problem was mathematically formulated in the 1800s by the Irish mathematician W.R. Hamilton and by the British mathematician Thomas Kirkman.Hamilton's icosian game was a recreational puzzle based on finding a Hamiltonian cycle. 0000011059 00000 n In combinatorial optimization, TSP has been an early proving ground for many approaches, including more recent variants of local optimization techniques such as simulated In this case we obtain an m-salesmen problem. >> 2893: Open access peer-reviewed. << The travelling salesman problem (TSP) is a combinatorial optimisation problem well studied in computer science, operations research and mathematics. <<00E87161E064F446B97E9EB1788A48FA>]>> In reality, every salesman has the same abilities and limitations. The minimal expected time to obtain optimal solution is exponential. /Filter /FlateDecode 1: Example solution of the mTSP [9] 3 THE GELS ALGORITHM ~h�wRڝ�ݏv�xv�G'�R��iF��(T�g�Ŕi����s�2�T[�d�\�~��紋b�+�� = 24, so it is feasible to nd the optimal Hamiton circuit by brute force (using a computer). x�b```�'�܋@ (�����q�7�I� ��g`����bhǬ'�)��3t�����5�.0 �*Jͺ"�AgW��^��+�TN'ǂ�P�A^�-�ˎ+L��9�+�C��qB�����}�"�`=�@�G�x. ������'-�,F�ˮ|�}(rX�CL��ؼ�-߲`;�x1-����[�_R�� ����%�;&�y= ��w�|�A\l_���ձ4��^O�Y���S��G?����H|�0w�#ں�/D�� (PDF) A glass annealing oven. Ci�E�o�SHD��(�@���w�� ea}W���Nx��]���j���nI��n�J� �k���H�E7��4���۲oj�VC��S���d�������yA���O There are also necessary and su cient conditions to determine if a possible solution does exist when one is not given a complete graph. 2673: Open access peer-reviewed. Here are some of the most popular solutions to the Traveling Salesman Problem: The Brute-Force Approach. ingsalesmanproblem.Thesetofalltours(feasiblesolutions)is broken upinto increasinglysmallsubsets by a procedurecalledbranch- ing.For eachsubset a lowerbound onthe length ofthe tourstherein The Traveling Salesman Problem and Heuristics . Combinatorial Optimization: Solution Methods of Traveling Salesman Problem Hülya Demez Submitted to the Institute of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Applied Mathematics and Computer Science Eastern Mediterranean University January 2013 Gazimağusa, North Cyprus forcing precedence among pickup and delivery node pairs. This paper presents exact solution approaches for the TSP‐D based on dynamic programming and provides an experimental comparison of these approaches. h mE�v�w��W2?�b���o�)��4(��%u��� �H� endobj Traveling Salesman Problem, Theory and Applications 4 constraints and if the number of trucks is fixed (saym). /Length 3210 �s��ǻ1��p����օ���^ \�b�"Z�f�vR�h '���z�߳�����e�sR4fb�*��r�+���N��^�E���Ā,����P�����R����T�1�����GRie)I���~�- 0000004993 00000 n Hi, Nicely explained. The problem allows for travel times that can depend on the time of departure. �tn¾��Z���U/?�$��0�����-=����o��F|F����*���G�D#_�"�O[矱�?c-�>}� 0000013318 00000 n 1 Traveling Salesman Problem: An Overview of Applications, Formulations, and Solution Approaches Rajesh Matai1, Surya Prakash Singh2 and Murari Lal Mittal3 1Management Group, BITS-Pilani 2Department of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, 10.2.2 The general traveling salesman problem Definition: If an NP-complete problem can be solved in polynomial time then P = NP, else P ≠ NP. 0000004234 00000 n 0000001592 00000 n /Length 4580 Solving tsp (travel sales problem) using ruin & recreate method. 0000009896 00000 n 0000006230 00000 n 39 0 obj 0000012192 00000 n 0000016323 00000 n In this case there are 200 stops, but you can easily change the nStops variable to get a different problem size. This example shows how to use binary integer programming to solve the classic traveling salesman problem. I In each case, we’re going to perform the Repetitive Nearest-Neighbor Algorithm and Cheapest-Link Algorithm, then see if the results are optimal. Solving the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) The Travelling Salesman Problem is one of the best known NP-hard problems, which means that there is no exact algorithm to solve it in polynomial time. Lecture series on Advanced Operations Research by Prof. G.Srinivasan, Department of Management Studies, IIT Madras. W. R. Hamilton and by the British mathematician Thomas Kirkman. 0 Quotes of the day 2 “Problem solving is hunting. This piece is concerned with modifying the algorithm to tackle problems, such as the travelling salesman problem, that use discrete, fixed values. 66 0 obj Keywords: Traveling salesman problem, Heuristic algorithm, Excel VBA 1. 0000004771 00000 n << Recall that an input of the Traveling Salesman Problem is a set of points X and a non-negative, symmetric, distance function d : X X !R such that d(x;y) = d(y;x) 0 for every x;y 2X. We present a new solution approach for the Time Dependent Traveling Salesman Prob-lem with Time Windows. xڍZYs��~�_��K�*� �)e�ڕ���U�d?�ĐD��Ʊ��Ow= �7)5=='f�����џ��wi�I����7�xw��t�a���$=�(]?�q�݇7�~��ӛo�㻭%����0ϕ��,�{*��������s�� For example, in the manufacture of a circuit board, it is important to determine the best order in which a laser will drill thousands of holes. Nevertheless, one may appl y methods for the TSP to find good feasible solutions for this problem (see Lenstra & Rinnooy Kan, 1974). Although a global solution for the Traveling Salesman Problem does not yet exist, there are algorithms for an existing local solution. By calling p … This problem involves finding the shortest closed tour (path) through a set of stops (cities). Solving the Travelling Salesman Problem with the Excel Sort Function and Visual Basic for Applications Richard J. Perle Department of Finance and Computer Information Systems, Loyola Marymount University, One LMU Drive Los Angeles, CA, USA 90045 rperle@lmu.edu 310.338.2929 Abstract This paper develops and tests the performance of a new and novel heuristic algorithm for solving the Travelling … 1 Example TSPPD graph structure. traveling salesman problem,orTSP for short, ... discuss some of the factors driving the continued interest in solution methods for the problem. 3. �7��F�P*��Jo䅣K�N�v�F�� y�)�]��ƕ�/�^���yI��$�cnDP�8s��Y��I�OMC�X�\��u� � ����gw�8����B��WM�r%`��0u>���w%�eVӪ��60�AYx� ;������s?�$)�v%�}Hw��SVhAb$y:��*�׬ح����ǰi����[w| ��_. ��0M�70�Զ�e)\@ ��+s�s���8N��=&�&=�6���y*k�oeS�H=�������â��`�-��#��A�7h@�"��씀�Л1 �D ��\? 0000004459 00000 n ?�y�����#f�*wm,��,�4������_��U\3��,F3KD|�M� ��\Ǫ"y�Q,�"\���]��"�͹r�YZ�&q�К��eڙ���q�ziv�ġF��xj+��mG���#��i;Q��K0�6>z�` ��CӺ^܇�R��Pc�(�}[Q�I2+�$A\��T)712W��l��U�yA��t�$��$���[1�(��^�'�%�弹�5}2gaH6jo���Xe��G�� ُ@M������0k:�yf+��-O��n�^8��R? %PDF-1.5 0000003971 00000 n Solving the Probabilistic Travelling Salesman Problem Based on Genetic Algorithm with Queen Selection Scheme. 0000000916 00000 n �8��4p��cw�GI�B�j��-�D׿`tm4ʨ#_�#k:�SH,��;�d�!T��rYB;�}���D�4�,>~g�f4��Gl5�{[����{�� ��e^� 50 0 obj <> endobj %%EOF Each of nrequests has a pickup node and a delivery ÆAfter making a locally optimal choice a new problem, analogous to the original one, arises. This problem is known as the travelling salesman problem and can be stated more formally as follows. M�л�L\wp�g���~;��ȣ������C0kK����~������0x Fig. The genetic algorithms are useful for NP-hard problems, especially the traveling salesman problem. What is the shortest possible route that he visits each city exactly once and returns to the origin city? stream Traveling Salesman Problem: A Real World Scenario. 0000003937 00000 n 0000001807 00000 n 0000001326 00000 n www.carbolite.com A randomization heuristic based on neighborhood I was just trying to understand the code to implement this. What I was not able to understand is why we are adding the return to the same node as well for the minimum comparison. >> PDF | This paper provides the survey of the heuristics solution approaches for the traveling salesman problem (TSP). The first produces guaranteed optimal solution for problems involving no more than 13 cities; the time required (IBM 7094 II) varies from 60 milliseconds for a 9‐city problem to 1.75 seconds for a 13‐city problem. I Since N = 5, (N 1)! v m 1!v m = v 0 that reaches every vertex and that has minimal total length cost d(C) := P m 1 i=0 d(v i;v i+1). The Brute Force approach, also known as the Naive Approach, calculates and compares all possible permutations of routes or paths to determine the shortest unique solution. 0000002258 00000 n 3Q�^�O�6��t�0��9�dg�8 o�V�>Y��+5�r�$��65X�m�>��L�eGV��.��R���f�aN�[�ّ��˶��⓷%�����;����Ov�Ʋ��SUȺ�F�^W����6�����l�a�Q�e4���K��Y� �^艢cժ\&z����U��W6s��$�C��"���_��i$���%��ߞ��R����������b��[eӓIt�D�ƣ�X^W�^=���i��}W� #f�k�Wxk?�EO�F�=�JjsN+�8���D��A1�;������� B��e_�@������ The previous example of the postman can be modeled by considering the simplest possible version of this general framework. The goal is to nd a cycle C = v 0!v 1!v 2! /Filter /FlateDecode ��B�΃�7��)�������Z�/S xref By Paulo Henrique Siqueira, Sérgio Scheer, and Maria Teresinha Arns Steiner. A Recurrent Neural Network to Traveling Salesman Problem. ~�fQt�̇��X6G�I�Ȟ��G�N-=u���?d��ƲGI,?�ӥ�i�� �o֖����������ӇG v�s��������o|�m��{��./ n���]�U��.�9��垷�2�鴶LPi��*��+��+�ӻ��t�O�C���YLg��NƟ)��kW-����t���yU�I%gB�|���k!w��ص���h��z�1��1���l�^~aD��݋=:�Ƿ�@=�Q��O'��r�T�(��aB�R>��R�ʪL�o�;��Xn�K= The Traveling Salesman Problem and Heuristics . Formulation of the TSP A salesman wishes to find the shortest route through a number of cities and back home again. 0000004015 00000 n :�͖ir�0fX��.�x. Two algorithms for solving the (symmetric distance) traveling salesman problem have been programmed for a high‐speed digital computer. This is a continuation of work started in Professor Roman Yampolskiy's Artificial Intelligence class. Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP): Given a set of cities and distance between every pair of cities, the problem is to find the shortest possible route that visits every city exactly once and returns back to the starting point. The minimal expected time to obtain optimal solution is exponential. Heuristics A heuristic is a technique designed for solving a problem more quickly when classic methods are too slow (from Wikipedia). 1 Traveling Salesman Problem: An Overview of Applications, Formulations, and Solution Approaches Rajesh Matai1, Surya Prakash Singh2 and Murari Lal Mittal3 1Management Group, BITS-Pilani 2Department of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, 0000006789 00000 n vii. 0000007604 00000 n vii. Most important, it has applications in science and engineering. examples. 0000004535 00000 n 1.1 TRAVELING SALESMAN The origin of the name “traveling salesman problem” is a bit of a mystery. 0000002660 00000 n �,�]ՖZ3EA�ϋ����V������7{.�F��ƅ+^������g��hږ�S�R"��R���)�Õ��5��r���T�ˍUVfAD�����K�W ã1Yk�=���6i�*������<86�����Ҕ�X%q꧑Rrf�j������4>�(����ۣf��n:pz� �`lN��_La��Σ���t�*�ڗ�����-�%,�u����Z�¾�B@����M-W�Qpryh�yhp��$_e�BB��$�E g���>�=Py�^Yf?RrS iL�˶ێvp�um�����Y`g��Y.���U� �Ԃ�75�Ku%3y �ق�O&�/7k���c�8y�i�"H�,:�)�����RM;�nE���4A������M�2��v���� �-2 -t� )�R8g�a�$�`l�@��"Ԋiu�)���fn��H��қ�N���呅%��~�d����k�o2|�$���}���pTu�;��UѹDeD�L��,z����Q��t o����5z{/-(��a0�`�``E���'��5��ֻ�L�D�J� This paper gives an introduction to the Traveling Salesman Problem that includes current research. The world needs a better way to travel, in particular it should be easy to plan an optimal route through multiple destinations. Travelling Salesman Problem [:6] 3 This is, however, not a solution to the TSP, because there are subtours: x 15 = x 21 = x 34 = x 43 = x 52 = 1, i.e., two subtours, –15–2–1 and 3–4–3. If salesman starting city is A, then a TSP tour in the graph is-A → B → D → C → A . The Traveling Salesman problem Amanur Rahman Saiyed Indiana State University Terre Haute, IN 47809 , USA asaiyed@sycamores.indstate.edu April 11, 2012 Abstract The Traveling Salesman Problem, deals with creating the ideal path that a salesman would take while traveling between cities. 40 thoughts on “ Travelling Salesman Problem in C and C++ ” Mohit D May 27, 2017. Our main project goal is to apply a TSP algorithm to solve real world problems, and deliver a web based application for visualizing the TSP. Das Problem des Handlungsreisenden (auch Botenproblem, Rundreiseproblem, engl. �w5 So, for that reason, we usually use heuristics to help us to obtain a “good” g.!�n;~� Hamilton’s Icosian Gamewas a recreational puzzle based on finding a Hamiltonian cycle. Download full-text PDF Read full-text. The Traveling Salesman Problem is typical of a large class of "hard" optimization problems that have intrigued mathematicians and computer scientists for years. Effectively combining a truck and a drone gives rise to a new planning problem that is known as the traveling salesman problem with drone (TSP‐D). Travelling Salesman Problem Example The Travelling - 7. You'll solve the initial problem and see that the solution has subtours. To tackle the traveling salesman problem using genetic algorithms, there are various representations such … Examples of Traveling Salesman Problems I Here are several examples of weighted complete graphs with 5 vertices. The Hamiltoninan cycle problem is to find if there exist a tour that visits every city exactly once. stream endstream 0000018992 00000 n 80 0 obj<>stream !�c�G$�On�L��q���)���0��d������8b�L4�W�4$W��0ĝV���l�8�X��U���l4B|��ήC��Tc�.��{��KK�� �����6,�/���7�6�Lcz�����! n�����vfkvFV�z�;;\�\�=�m��r0Ĉ�xwb�5�`&�*r-C��Z[v�ݎ�ܳ��Kom���Hn4d;?�~9"��]��'= `��v2W�{�L���#���,�-���R�n�*��N�p��0`�_�\�@� z#���V#s��ro��Yϋo��['"wum�j�j}kA'.���mvQ�����W�7������6Ƕ�IJK��G�!1|M/��=�؞��d������(N�F�3vқ���Jz����:����I�Y�?t����_ ����O$՚'&��%ж]/���.�{ startxref The Traveling Salesman Problem Nearest-Neighbor Algorithm Lecture 31 Sections 6.4 Robb T. Koether Hampden-Sydney College Mon, Nov 6, 2017 Robb T. Koether (Hampden-Sydney College)The Traveling Salesman ProblemNearest-Neighbor AlgorithmMon, Nov 6, 2017 1 / 15