Nota preliminare). Several native plants as reservoirs and many hemipteran species as vectors contribute to rapid and wide expansion in the field. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. Background ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ is endemic in Europe and infects a wide range of weeds and cultivated plants. P. solani’ can cause yield losses of 60 % in tomato, 90 % in pepper, and 100 % in celery. 159 (4), 241-246. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1439-0434 DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0434.2010.01757.x, Iriti M, Quaglino F, Maffi D, Casati P, Bianco P A, Faoro F, 2008. Plant Disease, 100(12):2522. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis, Batlle A, Larrue J, Clair D, Daire X, Boudon-Padieu E, Lavina A, 1995. Identification of new -J and -K 16SrXII subgroups and distinct single nucleotide polymorphism genetic lineages among 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' strains associated with bois noir in Central Italy. Le Progres agricole et viticole, Hors Serie (Extended abstract of the 16th Meeting ICVG, Dijion, France, 31 August-4 September 2009), 208-209, Kosovac A, Jakovljevic M, Krstic O, Cvrkovic T, Mitrovic M, Tosevski I, Jovic J, 2014. In the European Union, ‘Ca. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label. The first report of Stolbur phytoplasma associated with phyllody of Calendula officinalis in Serbia. 164 (11/12), 882-889. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1439-0434, Zamharir M G, 2018. "Candidatus Phytoplasma solani", the causal agent of the black wood of grapevine, is a bacterial Phytoplasma species of the 16SrXII group. Geographic spread of the 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' belonging to 16SrXII-A ribosomal subgroup has been reported over the past decade in different crops in Serbia (Cvrković et al. First report on natural infection of Paeonia tenuifolia by 'Candidatus phytoplasma solani' in Serbia. Three main natural ecologies have been described: (1) the host system bindweed - H. obsoletus - crop, related to type tuf-b strains; (2) the host system nettle - H. obsoletus - crop, related to type tuf-a; and (3) the host system Calystegia sepium - H. obsoletus - crop, related to type tuf-c (Langer and Maixner, 2004). Ciccarone, A., 1949. ‘ Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ is endemic in Europe and infects a wide range of weeds and cultivated plants. 12 (3), 222-225. Plant Disease. Journal of Phytopathology. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 130(3), 367-377. http://springerlink.metapress.com/link.asp?id=100265 doi: 10.1007/s10658-011-9759-5, EPPO, 2014. First report of stolbur phytoplasma infecting celery in Serbia. Synonyms . Preliminary note on the big bud disease of tomato in the neighbourhood of Rome. Some phytoplasmas have been reported in tobacco around the world. In the case of bois noir, other strategies for reducing ‘Ca. Journal of Phytopathology. First report on molecular detection of a stolbur phytoplasma (Group16SrXII-A) associated with kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) in India. Plant Disease, 98(4):565. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis, Adamovic D, Djalovic I, Mitrovic P, Kojic S, Starovic M, Purar B, Josic D, 2014b. The sequences of 16S rRNA, tuf, sec Y and vmp 1 genes amplified from LN‐1 phytoplasma shared the closest homologies of 99%, 100%, 99% and 98% with those of the reference strain Candidatus Phytoplasma solani (subgroup 16SrXII‐A), respectively. Firrao, G., Moretti, M., Rosquete, M. R., Gobbi, E., Locci, R., 2005. Cimerman A, Pacifico D, Salar P, Marzachì C, Foissac X, 2009. For example, the transmissibility of bois noir (BN) has been tested by grafting healthy grapevines of cv. HTTP://www.apsnet.org DOI:10.1094/PDIS-92-4-0654A. Phytoplasma detection in corn with reddening in Italy. Premiers essais de lutte chimique. The more recent multilocus sequence analyses of ribosomal (rplV and rpsC) and extra-ribosomal genes (secY, map, uvrB, degV, and tuf) revealed a high level of genetic heterogeneity among flavescence dorée (FD) and bois noir (BN) phytoplasmas (Langer and Maixner, 2004). Therefore, the level of reducing sugars is a critical parameter for crisp production as crisps may become dark at high concentrations of reducing sugars during the frying process (Lindner et al., 2011). 130 (3), 367-377. http://springerlink.metapress.com/link.asp?id=100265 DOI:10.1007/s10658-011-9759-5. First report of stolbur phytoplasma (16SrXII-A) on strawberry in Northern Italy. Mertelik J, Kloudova K, Vanc P, Mokra V, Sediva J, Navratil M, Valova P, 2004. 158 (2), 105-110. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/jph DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0434.2009.01585.x, Zwolińska A, Krawczyk K, Pospieszny H, 2012. 'Stolbur'-a new Potato disease in Israel. Moreover, alignments of 16S rDNA nucleotide sequences revealed the presence of several 16S rDNA single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) lineages among ‘Ca. > 10°C, coldest month < 0°C, dry winters), Continental climate, wet all year (Warm average temp. Agronomie, 13(10), 929-933. doi: 10.1051/agro:19931007. Journal of Phytopathology, 156(11/12), 687-690. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/119879241/HTMLSTART doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0434.2008.01416.x, Riolo, P., Minuz, R. L., Anfora, G., Stacconi, M. V. R., Carlin, S., Isidoro, N., Romani, R., 2012. First report of 'Candidatus phytoplasma solani' strains associated with grapevine bois noir in Jordan. Journal of Plant Pathology. Plant Disease, 93(8), 789-796. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis doi: 10.1094/PDIS-93-8-0789, Galetto, L., Bosco, D., Marzachì, C., 2005. Thus, preventive measures such as checking the sanitary status of propagation materials, and treating diseased mother plants through thermotherapy, are applied to limit long-distance dissemination and in-field spread of the disease. Avramov Z, Stepanović J, Panajotova D, Laginova M, Duduk B, 2016. Occurrence and distribution of bois noir phytoplasma in Turkey. P. convolvuli' associated with grapevine bois noir and bindweed yellows, respectively, in Georgia. Margaria, P., Turina, M., Palmano, S., 2009. Journal of Phytopathology, 159(4), 241-246. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1439-0434 doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0434.2010.01757.x, International Research Programme for Comparative Mycoplasmology Phytoplasma\Spiroplasma Working Team - Phytoplasma Taxonomy Group, 2004. B., Davis, R. E., 2009. Maize redness - demystifying the causal agent of one of the most destructive diseases of maize. ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’, also known as stolbur phytoplasma, affects a wide range of wild and cultivated plants including grape (Maixner, 2011), corn (Jović et al., 2009), and solanaceous hosts (EPPO, n.d.). As for ‘Ca. The epidemiology of BN can include grapevine as a plant host and is usually transmitted via sap-sucking insects that inhabit herbaceous host plants. Quarantine pests for Europe (2nd ed.). Results of nested-PCR, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the phytoplasma belongs to the ‘ Candidatus phytoplasma solani’ (16SrXII) taxonomic group. First report of a stolbur phytoplasma associated with witches' broom of Japanese spindle (Euonymus japonicus). Plant Disease. BACKGROUND: 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' is endemic in Europe and infects a wide range of weeds and cultivated plants. On the other hand, considerable damage can occur in tomato crops: the proportion of affected plants may reach 30-40% or, in particularly serious situations, almost all plants. Due to its complex ecology and epidemiological cycle, and its high capability to adapt to different agro-ecosystems, the risk of introduction of ‘Ca. 34 (4), 235-236. Phytoplasma solani’ were present in diseased crops, as well as in specific plant hosts, suggesting that ecological differences could play a role in its molecular diversification. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' genotypes associated with potato stolbur in Serbia and the role of Hyalesthes obsoletus and Reptalus panzeri (Hemiptera, Cixiidae) as natural vectors. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani', a novel taxon associated with stolbur- and bois noir-related diseases of plants. In the present work, stolbur disease strain STOL11 (STOL) was distinguished from reference strains of previously described species of the ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ genus based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and a unique signature sequence in the 16S rRNA gene. Molecular characterization of stolbur phytoplasma associated with pea plants in Poland. Construction of an interactive online phytoplasma classification tool, iPhyClassifier, and its application in analysis of the peach X-disease phytoplasma group (16SrIII). (Contribution à l'étude des jaunisses de la vigne dans le monde. Gugerli P, Cazelles O, Genini M, Emery S, Colombi L, 2002. In: Compendium of potato diseases, [ed. Phytoplasma solani’ renders it difficult to design efficient control strategies. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. Survey and molecular detection of Bois noir in vineyards of the Czech Republic. Sequence analysis of tufB gene revealed that three tuf-types of 'Ca. Vitis, 34(4), 235-236. Symptoms of phytoplasma-infected tomato plants generally appear during summer. First report of phytoplasma infections in fruit trees and grapevine in Albania. Identification and characterization of new 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' strains associated with bois noir disease in Vitis vinifera L. cultivars showing a range of symptom severity in Georgia, the Caucasus region. Journal of Phytopathology. Plant Disease. 'Bois noir': new phytoplasma disease of grapevine in Iran. In: Working Groups of COST Action FA0807: Integrated management of phytoplasma epidemics in different crop systems, Sitges, Spain, 1-2 February 2010, 5. Journal of Phytopathology. First report of stolbur phytoplasma associated with Anethum graveolens in Serbia. Brassica oleracea (cabbages, cauliflowers), Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle), Cynara cardunculus var. Phylogenetic classification of phytopathogenic mollicutes by sequence analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA. Plant Disease. Journal of Phytopathology, 161(3), 197-200. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1439-0434 doi: 10.1111/jph.12025, Genov, N., Mitrovic, J., Genov, M., Duduk, B., 2014. Phytoplasma’. Up to now, three main natural ecologies have been described: (1) the host system bindweed - H. obsoletus - crop, related to type tuf-b strains; (2) the host system nettle - H. obsoletus - crop, related to type tuf-a; and (3) the host system Calystegia sepium - H. obsoletus - crop, related to type tuf-c (Langer and Maixner, 2004). The disease was associated with the presence of stolbur phytoplasma, transmitted by H. obsoletus. First report of grapevine "bois noir" disease and a new phytoplasma infecting solanaceous plants in Lebanon. Tomato stolbur virus: a new record. 98 (8), 1151. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis DOI:10.1094/PDIS-01-14-0026-PDN, Quaglino F, Zhao Yan, Casati P, Bulgari D, Bianco P A, Wei Wei, Davis R E, 2013. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization, EPPO, 2018. Molecular characterization of phytoplasmas associated with peach diseases in Iran. International Journal of Tropical Plant Diseases, 17(1/2), 1-34. First report of grapevine 'bois noir' in Azerbaijan. Gene, 472(1/2), 37-41. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T39-51C4RSN-1&_user=10&_coverDate=02%2F01%2F2011&_rdoc=6&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_origin=browse&_zone=rslt_list_item&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%234941%232011%23995279998%232846776%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=4941&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=8&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=fa183257cc8705a299631eb2d24c0b8c&searchtype=a doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2010.10.012, Fialová, R., Válová, P., Balakishiyeva, G., Danet, J. L., Šafárová, D., Foissac, X., Navrátil, M., 2009. Journal of Phytopathology , 165(7-8), 407-413. doi: 10.1111/jph.12574, Zamharir MG, Taheri P, 2017. In: Plant Pathology Journal, 29 (4) 465-470. ‘Ca. Maixner, M., Rüdel, M., Daire, X., Boudon-Padieu, E., 1995. Slack SA, 2001. Plant Pathology, 64(4), 785-791. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ppa.12316/full. 31: 221-230. First report of group 16SrXII phytoplasma causing stolbur disease in potato plants in the eastern and southern Anatolia Regions of Turkey. Investigation on 'bois noir' epidemiology in north-eastern Italian vineyards through a multidisciplinary approach. Plant Disease, 94(11), 1374. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis doi: 10.1094/PDIS-06-10-0439, Fabre, A., Danet, J. L., Foissac, X., 2011. Phytoplasma solani’ to new regions is related to the dispersal of its vectors and to the trade in cultivated host plants (e.g., symptomless seedlings). Phytoplasma solani’ strains within the tuf-types (Murolo and Romanazzi, 2015). Preliminary identification of phytoplasmas associated with grapevine yellows in Syria. The cluster vmp1/stamp-4 included strains (type tuf-A) was associated with the nettle-related biological cycle, while the other four clusters (vmp1/stamp-1, -2, -3, -5) included strains (type tuf-B) associated with the bindweed-related biological cycle (Quaglino et al., 2016). Lavender decline in France is associated with chronic infection by lavender-speci?c strains of “Candidatus Phytoplasma solani”. Phytoplasmas and phytoplasma diseases: a severe threat to agriculture. ‘Ca. Taxonomy - Candidatus Phytoplasma solani (SPECIES) ))) Map to UniProtKB (1,247) Unreviewed (1,247) TrEMBL. ©Dr Fabio Quaglino/Department of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Italy, Inflorescence / abnormal leaves (phyllody), Inflorescence / discoloration (non-graminaceous plants), Inflorescence / distortion (non-graminaceous plants), Vegetative organs / internal rotting or discoloration, Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summer, Warm average temp. Glasilo Biljne Zaštite, 7(5), 310-313. Stolbur detection in Spain by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). First report of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' in sunflower in Bulgaria. Secondly, some infections in the weeds might result from alternative epidemiological cycles with alternative vectors, with or without relation to the main crops. Bau H J, Hung S C, Chang W C, Chen Y K, 2011. Plant Disease, 98(12):1739. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis, Hosseini, P., Bahar, M., Madani, G., Zirak, L., 2011. First report of grapevine Bois noir in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 92 (2), 303-326. http://www.sipav.org/main/jpp/, Berger J, Dalla Via J, Baric S, 2009. gemmifera L.) in Serbia. Mirchenari SM, Massah A, Zirak L, 2015. Tanne, E., Nitzany, F. E., 1973. First report of a 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' related strain associated with a potato reddening disease in Greece. 90 (10), 1313-1319. EPPO Reporting Service, No. Plant Disease. by Stevenson WR, Loria R, Franc GD, Weingartner DP]. 95 (2), 447. http://sipav.org/main/jpp/index.php/jpp/article/view/2836. In diseased plants, they are restricted to the phloem sieve tubes; they are transmitted between plants by phloem-sap-feeding leafhoppers, planthoppers or psyllids (Weintraub and Beanland, 2006). 98 (3), 418. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-04-13-0371-PDN DOI:10.1094/PDIS-04-13-0371-PDN, Kuszala C, Cazelles O, Boulud J, Credi R, Granata G, Kriel G, Magarey P, Magnien C, Pearson R C, Refatti E, Tanne E, Caudwell A, 1993. Molecular identification of diverse ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ species associated with grapevine decline in Iran. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01507-18, Seruga, M., Perica, M. C., Škoric, D., Kozina, B., Miroševic, N., Šaric, A., Bertaccini, A., Krajacic, M., 2000. ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ is a phytoplasma of the stolbur group (16SrXII subgroup A) that is associated with ‘Bois noir’ and causes heavy damage to the quality and quantity of grapevine yields in several European countries, and particularly in the Mediterranean area. Transmission of a stolbur phytoplasma by the agalliinae leafhopper Anaceratagallia ribauti (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Cicadellidae). Phytoplasma diseases and their relationships with insect and plant hosts in Canadian horticultural and field crops. Phytoplasma solani" is also associated with the tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa) yellows disease in China.[3]. Stolbur disease of tomato plants in Niger. Terlizzi, F., Babini, A. R., Credi, R., 2006. 55 (1), 88-93. http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/jppr.2015.55.issue-1/jppr-2015-0012/jppr-2015-0012.xml?format=INT DOI:10.1515/jppr-2015-0012, Mitrev S, Nakova E, Pejčinovski F, Angelini E, 2007. Identificacion del fitoplasma asociado al Bois Noir de la vina en Espana (Identification of the phytoplasma associated with bois noir of grapevine in Spain). Boudon-Padieu, E., 1996. Phytoplasma detection in corn with reddening in Italy. A multiplex nested-PCR assay for sensitive and simultaneous detection and direct identification of phytoplasma in the Elm yellows group and Stolbur group and its use in survey of grapevine yellows in France. 255-261. http://www.actahort.org. 13 (2), 146-150. > 10°C, Cold average temp. 54 (3), 267-282. http://www.springerlink.com/content/el7247666170n7tp/ DOI:10.1007/s11540-011-9192-3, Lotos L, Tsialtas J T, Maliogka V I, Kaloumenos N, Eleftherohorinos I G, Katis N I, 2013. ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ (‘Ca.P.solani’) (Quaglino et al. Three species of the ‘Ca. Phytoplasma solani’ and ‘Ca. (Polymorphisme des microorganismes de type mycoplasme rencontrés dans les tubes criblés de lavandins “Abrial” atteints de “Dépérissement jaune). Plant Disease. A case study of FD and BN phytoplasma variability in Croatia: multigene sequence analysis approach. Due to its complex ecology and epidemiological cycle, and to the high capability to adapt to different agro-ecosystems, the risk of introduction of ‘Ca. DOI:10.1046/j.1439-0434.2000.00484.x, Shimomoto Y, Ikeda K, Asahina Y, Yano K, Oka M, Oki T, Yamasaki J, Takeuchi S, Morita Y, 2020. Table 1: International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures ISPM 11 (FAO, 2013) and ISPM 21 (FAO, 2004) pest categorisation criteria under evaluation 8 Table 2: Current distribution of Candidatus Phytoplasma solani in the 28 EU MSs, Iceland and Norway, based on answers received Phytoplasma solani’, which is only incidentally transmitted by the vector Hyalesthes obsoletus from other host plants to the crop during its feeding probing (Weintraub and Beanland, 2006). Zastita Bilja, 65(1):7-14. http://www.izbis.com/casopis/2014/Zastita-bilja-Vol.65-(1)-2014.pdf, Kosovac, A., Jakovljevic, M., Krstic, O., Cvrkovic, T., Mitrovic, M., Toševski, I., Jovic, J., 2019. Canik D, Topkaya X, Bayram S, Soylemezoglu G, Ertunc F, 2011. Transmission of a stolbur phytoplasma by the agalliinae leafhopper Anaceratagallia ribauti (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Cicadellidae). Bulletin of Insectology. Phytopathology, 99(9), 1053-1061. doi: 10.1094/PHYTO-99-9-1053, Jovic, J., Cvrkovic, T., Mitrovic, M., Krnjajic, S., Redinbaugh, M. G., Pratt, R. C., Gingery, R. E., Hogenhout, S. A., Toševski, I., 2007. by Torres E, Laviña A, Batlle A]. Seemüller, E., Schneider, B., Mäurer, R., Ahrens, U., Daire, X., Kison, H., Lorenz, K. H., Firrao, G., Avinent, L., Sears, B. Role of plant-specialized Hyalesthes obsoletus associated with Convolvulus arvensis and Crepis foetida in the transmission of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani'-inflicted Bois noir disease of grapevine in Serbia. Distribution of these genotypes among the different host plants seems to be specific (Kosovac et al., 2016; Kosovac et al., 2019). First report of "Candidatus Phytoplasma solani" on a new host marigold (Tagetes erecta L.). Contribution to the study of grapevine yellows in the world: investigation by ELISA using flavescence dorée-specific antibodies. Plant Disease, 98(6):839-840. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis, Pelletier, C., Salar, P., Gillet, J., Cloquemin, G., Very, P., Foissac, X., Malembic-Maher, S., 2009. Plant Pathology. DOI:10.1007/s10327-019-00889-z. 63 (8), 2879-2894. http://ijs.sgmjournals.org DOI:10.1099/ijs.0.044750-0, Radonjić S, Hrnčić S, Kosovac A, Krstić O, Mitrović M, Jović J, Toševski I, 2016. gemmifera L.) in Serbia. The flowers are abnormally straight, they are sterile and they show different morphological changes: (i) sepals, with purple veins, remain completely sealed and the calyx is enlarged (big bud); (ii) petals are green with stamens of the same colour (virescence); (iii) sepals may be leaf-like (phyllody); (iv) dysfunction may occur in flower differentiation. CABI, Undated. Molecular characterization of phytoplasmas associated with peach diseases in Iran. Pavlovic S, Josic D, Starovic M, Stojanovic S, Aleksic G, Stojsin V, Radanovic D, 2012. Phytopathogenic Mollicutes, 1(2): 1-12, Mertelik, J., Kloudova, K., Vanc, P., Mokra, V., Sediva, J., Navratil, M., Valova, P., 2004. Phytoplasma solani’ from other species. > 10°C, Cold average temp. Plant Disease, 90(10), 1313-1319. Molecular identification and diversity of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' associated with red-leaf disease of Salvia miltiorrhiza in China. Informatore Fitopatologico, 47(11), 61-63. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 139(1), 185-193. http://rd.springer.com/journal/10658 doi: 10.1007/s10658-014-0378-9, Sakalieva, D., Paltrinieri, S., Calari, A., Bertaccini, A., 2007. Grapevine yellows induced by phytoplasmas. Navratil M, Valova P, Savarova D, Lauterer P, Stary M, Korbasova Z, 2011. Where normal sprouts arise, symptoms are first apparent about 60-80 days after sowing, as a yellowing and rolling of the leaves. (Identificacion del fitoplasma asociado al Bois Noir de la vina en Espana). alba (white campion), Solanum dulcamara (bittersweet nightshade), http://www.sipav.org/main/jpp/index.php/jpp/article/download/348/214, http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10658-018-1553-1, Radonjic S, Hrncic S, Kosovac A, Krstic O, Mitrovic M, Jovic J, Tosevski I, 2016. Fránová, J., Navrátil, M., Jakešová, H., 2009. Identification of the phytoplasma associated with bois noir of grapevine in Spain. Phytoplasmen sind zellwandfreie Bakterien, die als obligate Parasiten im pflanzlichen Phloem wachsen. A phytoplasma was identified from symptomatic Babylon willow (Salix babylonica Linn) trees growing in urban areas in Isfahan, Yazd and Markazi provinces of Iran. For example, based on RsaI-RFLP analyses of vmp1 gene amplicons, ‘Ca. Phytoplasma solani’ have been identified by molecular characterization, mainly based on tufB, secY, vmp1 and stamp sequencing (Fabre et al., 2011; Fialova et al., 2009; Murolo and Romanazzi, 2015; Quaglino et al., 2016); distribution of these genotypes among the different host plants seems to be specific (Kosovac et al., 2016; Kosovac et al., 2019). Roles of stolbur phytoplasma and Reptalus panzeri (Cixiinae, Auchenorrhyncha) in the epidemiology of Maize redness in Serbia. Development of a TaqMan allelic discrimination assay for the distinction of two major subtypes of the grapevine yellows phytoplasma Bois noir. Eroglu S, Ozbek H, Sahİn F, 2010. Plant Disease. London, UK: Manson Publishing Ltd, Bobev, S. G., Jonghe, K. de, Maes, M., 2013. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 38(8), 1017-1030. http://www.springerlink.com/link.asp?id=104273 doi: 10.1007/s10886-012-0154-2, Sabaté, J., Laviña, A., Batlle, A., 2014. 2013 Category: Species Proposed as: Candidatus Etymology: so.la’ni N.L. [Abstract], Canik D, Topkaya X, Bayram S, Soylemezoglu G, Ertunc F, 2011. First report of maize redness disease in Hungary. Phytoplasma solani' cannot be distinguished from infections by other phytoplasmas associated with GY (e.g., flavescence dorée). Terlizzi F, Babini A R, Credi R, 2006. Osler, R., Vindimian, M. E., Filippi, M., Carraro, L., Refatti, E., 1997. 86 (1), 76-79. (Maladie du bois noir de la vigne en Suisse romande et au Tessin.). Bulletin of Insectology, 64(Supplement), S239-S240. Many different strains of ‘Ca. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 126(3), 217-227. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/eea doi: 10.1111/j.1570-7458.2007.00655.x, Josic D, Starovic M, Kojic S, Pivic R, Stanojkovic-Sebic A, Zdravkovic M, Pavlovic S, 2015. First report of phytoplasma infections in several temperate fruit trees and vegetable crops in Azerbaijan. Phytoplasmas are cell-wall-less plant pathogenic bacteria of the class Mollicutes, with a small genome size which ranges from 530 to 1350 kilobases (Marcone, 2014). Daire X, Clair D, Larrue J, Boudon-Padieu E, Caudwell A, 1993. First report of a "Candidatus Phytoplasma solani" related strain associated with a disease of Datura stramonium in Greece. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie d'Agriculture de France, 82(1), 5-20. Revised classification scheme of phytoplasmas based on RFLP analyses of 16S rRNA and ribosomal protein gene sequences. Chinmay Biswas, Piyali Dey, Subrata Satpathy, 2014. Journal of Phytopathology, 158(2), 100-104. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/jph doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0434.2009.01586.x, EFSA Panel on Plant Health, 2014. Phytoplasma solani’ has a wide range of diverse host plants, although many of them represent dead-end hosts because the vectors do not develop on them. 98 (4), 565. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis DOI:10.1094/PDIS-07-13-0702-PDN, Adamovic D, Djalovic I, Mitrovic P, Kojic S, Starovic M, Purar B, Josic D, 2014a. Adult H. obsoletus can feed on grapevines occasionally and so transmit the pathogen, but do not do so often enough to be likely to pick it up from the plant; grapevines and other crops are not a suitable food source for nymphs, which acquire the pathogen when they feed over the winter on the roots of a limited number of wild host species (including nettles, bindweed and Vitex agnus-castus). Firstly, these plants (generally weeds) could favour the phytoplasma diffusion over the years by means of seeds, as reported for other annual plants (Olivier et al., 2009) – however, ‘Ca. Tomato Diseases: Identification, Biology and Control - A Colour Handbook, 2nd Ed. First report of Candidatus phytoplasma solani on blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) in Bulgaria. The biological complexity of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma solani’-associated diseases affecting major crops are described in the following paragraphs. However, the use of herbicides and/or insecticides can have negative effects on non-target arthropods (e.g. Adventitious roots sometimes appear on the stem. New Disease Reports, 31:5. http://www.ndrs.org.uk/article.php?id=031005, Holeva MC, Glynos PE, Karafla CD, Koutsioumari EM, Simoglou KB, Eleftheriadis E, 2014. Vitis, 42(3), 151-157. The first report of Stolbur phytoplasma associated with phyllody of Calendula officinalis in Serbia. Incidence of Bois Noir phytoplasma in different viticulture regions of Spain and Stolbur isolates distribution in plants and vectors. Hyalesthes obsoletus, the main insect vector of Ca. In recent years, phytoplasma-induced discoloration of fried potatoes has been discussed more intensively. First report of phytoplasma infections in several temperate fruit trees and vegetable crops in Azerbaijan. After several growth cycles, the plants become completely brown and dry (Boudon-Padieu and Cousin, 1999). Diagnosis, epidemiology and research. Occurrence and distribution of bois noir phytoplasma in Turkey. Phytoplasma solani’. Compte Rendu de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, 272: 2082-2085. (Crvenilo kukuruza - demistificiran uzročnik jedne od najdestruktivnijih bolesti kukuruza.). © Copyright 2020 CAB International. Based on similarity coefficients generated by comparison of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiles, ‘Ca. P. solani’ are low vigour, leaf yellowing, dried canopy, and in some cases death. Hodgetts J, Flint LJ, Daly M, Harju VA, Skelton AL, Fox A, 2015. This scenario highlights the extreme complexity of the ecology of both ‘Ca. First report of stolbur phytoplasma associated with maize redness disease of maize in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Delic, D., Contaldo, N., Lolic, B., Moravcevic, Ð., Bertaccini, A., 2016. Potato diseases, New York/London, USA/UK: Academic Press, Inc.xiv + 238 pp. Bollettino della Stazione di Patologia Vegetale, 7, 193-8. Phytoplasma solani' and/or other phytoplasmas infecting grapevine (Lee at al., 1998; Berger et al., 2009). Stolbur disease of tomato plants in Niger. As the epidemiological cycle of GY complex diseases, associated with distinct phytoplasmas, is different and determines specific management strategies, it is crucial to identify the phytoplasmas infecting plants affected by GY. Plant Disease, 100(8):1775. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis, Radonjic, S., Hrncic, S., Jovic, J., Cvrkovic, T., Krstic, O., Krnjajic, S., Toševski, I., 2009. Journal of Plant Pathology, 96: S4.119, Mori, N., Mitrovic, J., Smiljkovic, M., Duduk, N., Paltrinieri, S., Bertaccini, A., Duduk, B., 2013. 59 (4), 796. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/ppa DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2009.02245.x, Reckhaus P, Reckhaus S, Adamou I, 1988. DOI:10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.6.697A, Chuche J, Danet J L, Rivoal J B, Arricau-Bouvery N, Thiéry D, 2018. Phytoplasma solani’ spread or incidence are based on: (a) the preventive removal of the grape suckers on which H. obsoletus could feed after grass mowing; (b) trunk cutting above the engagement point on symptomatic grapevines; and (c) treatments by resistance inducers (Belli et al., 2010). Journal of Phytopathology. First report of group 16SrXII phytoplasma causing stolbur disease in potato plants in the eastern and southern Anatolia Regions of Turkey. European Journal of Plant Pathology. Insect vectors of phytoplasmas. Plant Disease. P. solani’ is not transmitted from infected female planthoppers to their progeny (EFSA Panel on Plant Health, 2014). 156 (1), 8-14. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2007.01311.x, Josic D, Pavlovic S, Pivic R, Kuzmanovic S, Stojanovic S, Popovic T, Starovic M, 2012. Molecular detection and identification of group 16SrI and 16SrXII phytoplasmas associated with diseased potatoes in Russia. Plant Disease, 102(5), 1026. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis doi: 10.1094/pdis-02-17-0197-pdn, Pavlovic S, Josic D, Starovic M, Stojanovic S, Aleksic G, Stojsin V, Radanovic D, 2012. P. convolvuli' associated with grapevine bois noir and bindweed yellows, respectively, in Georgia. 22. http://www.ndrs.org.uk/article.php?id=030022, Alp Ș, Usta M, Sİpahİoğlu H M, Güller A, 2016. First report on molecular detection of a stolbur phytoplasma (Group16SrXII-A) associated with kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) in India. 72 (3), 268. It is thought likely that it has always been present, at least in its European range, but has only been noticed in recent years. 40 (3), 311-318. http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/agriculture/issues/tar-16-40-3/tar-40-3-2-1506-58.pdf, Atanasova B, Jakovljević M, Spasov D, Jović J, Mitrović M, Toševski I, Cvrković T, 2015. Please consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser. 100 (12), 2522. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis DOI:10.1094/PDIS-06-16-0781-PDN. Wallingford, UK: CABI. Journal of Phytopathology. 'Stolbur'-a new Potato disease in Israel. First report of stolbur phytoplasma affecting Cichorium intybus in Serbia. The molecular epidemiology of bois noir grapevine yellows caused by 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' in the Republic of Macedonia. First report of stolbur phytoplasma associated with maize redness disease of maize in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Its symptoms were indistinguishable from those of Flavescence dorée (FD) but, because it was spreading more slowly, it was considered a non-epidemic form of FD. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, Phytoplasmas are prokaryotic plant pathogens that colonize the sieve elements of their host plant, causing severe alterations in phloem function and impairment of assimilate translocation. Bulletin of Insectology. Identification of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' (16Sr XII-A) infecting strawberry plants in the United Kingdom. First report of a 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' isolate affecting Sophora alopecuroides in Iran. The innovative molecular approaches developed so far for this purpose are: (i) real time RT-PCR for FD and BN phytoplasma detection (Bianco et al., 2004; Galetto et al., 2005; Angelini et al., 2007; Margaria et al., 2009; Berger et al., 2009; Pelletier et al., 2009); (ii) nanobiotransducer for FD phytoplasma detection (Firrao et al., 2005); and (iii) multiplex nested PCR for the simultaneous identification of FD and BN agents (Clair et al., 2003). Plant Disease. Detection and identification of phytoplasmas infecting vegetable, ornamental and forage crops in Southern Italy. scolymus (globe artichoke), Echium vulgare ((common) viper's-bugloss), Euonymus japonicus (Japanese spindle tree), Gomphocarpus physocarpus (balloon cotton bush), Helminthotheca echioides (bristly oxtongue), Oenothera biennis (common evening primrose), Silene latifolia subsp. The complexity of the epidemiological cycle of ‘Ca. Trials conducted to control nettle growth with glyphosate or other herbicides significantly reduced the density of emerging adult vectors. PCR results detected the presence of phytoplasma sequences in twenty plant samples that resulted clustering two phylogenetically distinct phytoplasmas, i.e., “Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris” and “Candidatus Phytoplasma solani” affiliated to 16SrI and 16SrXII ribosomal groups, respectively. European Journal of Plant Pathology. Plant Pathology, 63(1), 42-53. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ppa.12080/full doi: 10.1111/ppa.12080. Molecular characterization of stolbur phytoplasma associated with pea plants in Poland. 2009). FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 19(6), 140-141. Most adverse effects associated with ‘Ca. Phytoplasma solani’ could potentially have negative effects on human health, in particular that of farmers. Detection and identification of phytoplasmas in pomegranate trees with yellows symptoms. Acta Horticulturae. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 68(3), 613-622. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T30-4MSY89D-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F31%2F2007&_rdoc=22&_fmt=summary&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%234932%232007%23999319996%23644511%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=4932&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=29&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c015ba083e6a1a8149db7e014ff7411d doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2006.11.015, Atanasova, B., Jakovljevic, M., Spasov, D., Jovic, J., Mitrovic, M., Toševski, I., Cvrkovic, T., 2015. Orobanche aegyptiaca, parasitizing roots of diseased tomato plants, has been shown to contain phytoplasmas, so it could be involved in transmission in the field. First report of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' and 'Ca. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani', a novel taxon associated with stolbur- and bois noir-related diseases of plants. Generally, the crop host (e.g., grapevine, potato, tomato) represents a dead-end host for ‘Ca. A phytoplasma was observed by electron microscopy and identified as ‘ Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’, based on homology searches and molecular phylogeny using nucleotide sequences of 16S rDNA. In detail, Convolvulus arvensis (bindweed) and Urtica dioica (nettle) have been reported as being the main host plants of H. obsoletus in Europe (Mori et al., 2013). > 10°C, coldest month < 0°C, dry summers), Continental climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. Since 2006, it has also been observed in Germany. (Cikadka Hyalesthes obsoletus Sign., perenoschik stolbur paslyonovykh). Contribution to the study of grapevine yellows in the world: investigation by ELISA using flavescence dorée-specific antibodies. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing the occurrence of ‘ Ca. Phytoplasmas comprise a diverse group of wall-less pleiomorphic bacteria assigned to the genus ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ within the class Mollicutes. Plant Disease, 92(4), 654. Boletín de Sanidad Vegetal, Plagas, 21(3), 417-423. Candidatus Phytoplasma solani "associated with Eucalyptus witches' broom in Iran". Stolbur phytoplasma infection of kale crops (Brassica oleracea var. Diversity among mycoplasma-like organisms inducing grapevine yellows in France. Paltrinieri, S., Bertaccini, A., 2007. DOI:10.1007/s10340-017-0885-5. Plant Disease. 94 (11), 1374. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis DOI:10.1094/PDIS-06-10-0439, Gajardo A, Fiore N, Prodan S, Paltrinieri S, Botti S, Pino A M, Zamorano A, Montealegre J, Bertaccini A, 2009. According to IRPCM guidelines (International Research Programme for Comparative Mycoplasmology Phytoplasma\Spiroplasma Working Team - Phytoplasma Taxonomy Group, 2004), phytoplasmas sharing >97.5% 16S rDNA nucleotide sequence similarity can be described as separate species if they are clearly distinguished by evident molecular diversity and ecological niche. One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using. 60 (2), 155-156. http://www.bulletinofinsectology.org/, Mitrović M, Cvrković T, Jović J, Krstić O, Jakovljević M, Kosovac A, Toševski I, 2015. Detection of phytoplasmas in plantlets grown from different batches of seed-potatoes. First report of 'Candidatus phytoplasma solani' strains associated with grapevine bois noir in Jordan. “Candidatus Phytoplasma solani” genome project and genetic diversity in the Euro-Mediterranean basin. Ozdemir, N., Saygili, H., Sahin, F., Karsavuran, Y., Bayrak, O. F., Oral, B., 2009. Prospection par test ELISA spécifique du mycoplasma-like organism (MLO) de la flavescence dorée.). Phytoplasma solani’ strains share an intra-species sequence similarity remarkably and consistently greater than the inter-species similarity between ‘Ca. (2013), ‘Ca. Plants grown from infected tubers give rise to normal or spindly sprouts (hair-sprouting). EPPO, 2020. Moraki KN, Maligka VI, Katis NI, 2014. HTTP://www.apsnet.org DOI:10.1094/PD-90-1313, Duduk B, Tian JanBao, Contaldo N, Fan XinPing, Paltrinieri S, Chen QiuFang, Zhao QiFeng, Bertaccini A, 2010. Vitis, 53(2), 103-109. http://www.vitis-vea.de, Mori, N., Quaglino, F., Tessari, F., Pozzebon, A., Bulgari, D., Casati, P., Bianco, P. A., 2015. For example, recent studies reported (i) the direct epidemiological role of Vitex agnus-castus in the  Hyalesthes obsoletus-mediated transmission of ‘Ca.
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